Chain

Metals and Alloys

Separated oxides must be reduced to metal and cast into NdFeB alloy before a magnet can be made — a conversion step that had effectively no U.S. commercial capacity until 2025. Metallization is rebuilding at Fort Worth, Exeter, and allied plants in Estonia, the UK, and South Korea.

Facts on this page last re-verified Aug 11, 2026 — the oldest verification date among its current claims. How we verify.

Stage diagram

Oxide-to-metal conversion is the quiet chokepoint: a country can separate oxides and still have no magnet chain without metallization and strip-cast alloy capacity. U.S. commercial NdPr metal production only resumed in January 2025, and the stockpile's own acquisition list (oxide, magnet block, alloy) tracks exactly the forms this stage supplies.

Materials at this stage: NdPr Oxide, NdPr Metal, NdFeB Alloy

Facility-line flow trace

Facility / line	Location	Stage and derived state	Input → output
Advanced Magnet Lab Florida PM-Wire sintered NdFeB magnet manufacturing	Melbourne, Florida United States	Magnets Financed	NdFeB Alloy → Sintered NdFeB Magnet
e-VAC Magnetics Sumter Sintered NdFeB permanent magnet production	Sumter, South Carolina United States	Magnets Operating	NdFeB Alloy → Sintered NdFeB Magnet
Energy Fuels White Mesa Mill Phase 1 monazite-to-NdPr oxide separation circuit	Blanding, Utah United States	Separation Operating	Monazite Concentrate → NdPr Oxide
Lynas USA Seadrift Rare Earths Processing Facility Light rare earth separation (planned)	Seadrift, Texas United States	Separation Financed	Mixed Rare Earth Carbonate → NdPr Oxide
MP Materials 10X Facility Sintered NdFeB magnet manufacturing (10X campus)	Northlake, Texas United States	Magnets Announced	NdFeB Alloy → Sintered NdFeB Magnet
MP Materials Independence Facility NdPr metal and NdFeB alloy production	Fort Worth, Texas United States	Metals & alloys Operating	NdPr Oxide → NdPr Metal, NdFeB Alloy
MP Materials Independence Facility Sintered NdFeB magnet production	Fort Worth, Texas United States	Magnets Commissioned	NdFeB Alloy → Sintered NdFeB Magnet
MP Materials Mountain Pass Rare earth separation (light and heavy circuits)	Mountain Pass, California United States	Separation Operating	Bastnaesite Concentrate → NdPr Oxide
NioCorp Elk Creek Mine and processing plant (planned)	Elk Creek, Nebraska United States	Mining & feedstock Announced	Rare Earth Ore → NdPr Oxide
Noveon Magnetics San Marcos Sintered NdFeB magnet production with recycled feed	San Marcos, Texas United States	Magnets Operating	Magnet Scrap and End-of-Life Feedstock, NdFeB Alloy → Sintered NdFeB Magnet
Phoenix Tailings Exeter metallization facility Rare earth metallization (oxide to metal)	Exeter, New Hampshire United States	Metals & alloys Operating	NdPr Oxide, Dysprosium and Terbium Oxides → NdPr Metal
Rare Element Resources Upton Demonstration Plant Rare earth processing and separation demonstration line	Upton, Wyoming United States	Separation Commissioned	Rare Earth Ore → NdPr Oxide
REEcycle Houston Recycling Facility E-waste NdFeB magnet rare earth recovery	Houston, Texas United States	Recycling Financed	Magnet Scrap and End-of-Life Feedstock → NdPr Oxide, Dysprosium and Terbium Oxides
ReElement Technologies Marion Refining Campus Rare earth elements recycled-feedstocks line	Marion, Indiana United States	Recycling Under construction	Magnet Scrap and End-of-Life Feedstock → NdPr Oxide, Dysprosium and Terbium Oxides
ReElement Technologies Marion Refining Campus Rare earth elements primary-feedstocks separation line	Marion, Indiana United States	Separation Under construction	Mixed Rare Earth Carbonate → NdPr Oxide, Dysprosium and Terbium Oxides
Ucore Louisiana Strategic Metals Complex RapidSX rare earth separation (Production Line 1)	Alexandria, Louisiana United States	Separation Under construction	Mixed Rare Earth Carbonate → NdPr Oxide, Dysprosium and Terbium Oxides
USA Rare Earth Stillwater Sintered NdFeB magnet production (Phase 1a commercial line; CHIPS-funded expansion)	Stillwater, Oklahoma United States	Magnets Commissioned	NdFeB Alloy → Sintered NdFeB Magnet
USA Rare Earth Stillwater Rare earth metallization and strip-casting (CHIPS-funded, planned)	Stillwater, Oklahoma United States	Metals & alloys Financed	NdPr Oxide → NdFeB Alloy
Vulcan Elements Durham magnet facility Sintered NdFeB magnet manufacturing	Durham, North Carolina United States	Magnets Operating	NdPr Oxide → Sintered NdFeB Magnet
Arafura Nolans Rare Earths Project Extraction and separation (NdPr oxide)	Nolans site, 135 km north of Alice Springs, Northern Territory Australia	Separation Financed	Monazite Concentrate → NdPr Oxide
Iluka Resources Eneabba Rare Earths Refinery Rare earth refining and separation (light and heavy)	Eneabba, Western Australia Australia	Separation Under construction	Monazite Concentrate → NdPr Oxide, Dysprosium and Terbium Oxides
Geomega Magnet Recycling Demonstration Plant NdFeB magnet recycling demonstration line	Saint-Hubert (Longueuil), Quebec Canada	Recycling Under construction	Magnet Scrap and End-of-Life Feedstock → NdPr Oxide
SRC Rare Earth Processing Facility Monazite hydrometallurgy and REE separation	Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada	Separation Under construction	Monazite Concentrate → NdPr Oxide
SRC Rare Earth Processing Facility Rare earth metal smelting	Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada	Metals & alloys Operating	NdPr Oxide → NdPr Metal
Torngat Metals Strange Lake Rare Earth Project Sept-Iles rare earth separation plant (planned)	Strange Lake (Lac Brisson), Nunavik, Quebec Canada	Separation Announced	Mixed Rare Earth Carbonate → NdPr Oxide, Dysprosium and Terbium Oxides
Ucore RapidSX Commercialization and Demonstration Facility (Kingston) RapidSX demonstration separation line	Kingston, Ontario Canada	Separation Operating	Mixed Rare Earth Carbonate → NdPr Oxide
Neo Performance Materials Narva Magnet Plant Sintered NdFeB permanent magnet production (Phase 1A)	Narva, Ida-Viru County Estonia	Magnets Commissioned	NdFeB Alloy → Sintered NdFeB Magnet
Neo Performance Materials Silmet (Sillamäe) Light rare earth separation	Sillamäe, Ida-Viru County Estonia	Separation Operating	Mixed Rare Earth Carbonate → NdPr Oxide
Caremag Lacq Rare earth recycling and refining (mixed magnet and concentrate feed)	Lacq, Pyrenees-Atlantiques France	Separation Under construction	Magnet Scrap and End-of-Life Feedstock, Monazite Concentrate → Dysprosium and Terbium Oxides, NdPr Oxide
Solvay La Rochelle Rare earths for permanent magnets production line (inaugurated April 2025)	La Rochelle, Charente-Maritime France	Separation Operating	Mixed Rare Earth Carbonate → NdPr Oxide
Vacuumschmelze Hanau Rare earth magnet alloy production	Hanau, Hesse Germany	Metals & alloys Operating	NdPr Metal → NdFeB Alloy
Vacuumschmelze Hanau Sintered NdFeB permanent magnet production (VACODYM)	Hanau, Hesse Germany	Magnets Operating	NdFeB Alloy → Sintered NdFeB Magnet
Itelyum INSPIREE Ceccano Rare earth recycling from WEEE permanent magnets	Ceccano, Lazio Italy	Recycling Announced	Magnet Scrap and End-of-Life Feedstock → NdPr Oxide
Aichi Steel magnet operations MAGFINE anisotropic bonded NdFeB magnet production	— Japan	Magnets Operating	NdFeB Alloy → Sintered NdFeB Magnet
Daido Electronics Nakatsugawa NdFeB magnet plant Hot-worked and bonded NdFeB magnet production	Nakatsugawa, Gifu Japan	Magnets Operating	NdFeB Alloy → Sintered NdFeB Magnet
Santoku Kobe rare earth operations Rare earth metal and magnet alloy production	Kobe, Hyogo Japan	Metals & alloys Operating	NdPr Oxide → NdFeB Alloy, NdPr Metal
Santoku Kobe rare earth operations Rare earth refining (new build, JOGMEC-funded)	Kobe, Hyogo Japan	Separation Announced	Mixed Rare Earth Carbonate → NdPr Oxide
Shin-Etsu Chemical new domestic rare earth refinery Rare earth refining (new build)	— Japan	Separation Announced	Mixed Rare Earth Carbonate → NdPr Oxide
Shin-Etsu Chemical rare earth magnet operations (Takefu) Sintered NdFeB magnet production	Echizen, Fukui Japan	Magnets Operating	NdFeB Alloy → Sintered NdFeB Magnet
REEtec RE1 Separation Plant (Herøya) RE1 rare earth separation	Porsgrunn (Herøya Industrial Park), Telemark Norway	Separation Under construction	Mixed Rare Earth Carbonate → NdPr Oxide
Mkango Pulawy separation plant Rare earth separation (planned)	Pulawy, Lublin Voivodeship Poland	Separation Announced	Mixed Rare Earth Carbonate → NdPr Oxide, Dysprosium and Terbium Oxides
KSM Metals Korean Metals Plant (Ochang) NdPr metallisation	Ochang Foreign Investment Zone, Cheongju, North Chungcheong (Chungcheongbuk-do) South Korea	Metals & alloys Operating	NdPr Oxide → NdPr Metal
KSM Metals Korean Metals Plant (Ochang) NdFeB strip alloy casting	Ochang Foreign Investment Zone, Cheongju, North Chungcheong (Chungcheongbuk-do) South Korea	Metals & alloys Commissioned	NdPr Metal → NdFeB Alloy
Seongrim Advanced Industry Daegu Magnet Plant NdFeB permanent magnet production	Daegu Technopolis, Hyeonpung, Dalseong-gun, Daegu South Korea	Magnets Operating	NdFeB Alloy → Sintered NdFeB Magnet
Ionic Technologies Belfast Demonstration plant - magnet recycling and separation (operating)	Belfast, Northern Ireland United Kingdom	Recycling Operating	Magnet Scrap and End-of-Life Feedstock → NdPr Oxide, Dysprosium and Terbium Oxides
Ionic Technologies Belfast Commercial magnet recycling plant (announced; pre-FID, not built)	Belfast, Northern Ireland United Kingdom	Recycling Announced	Magnet Scrap and End-of-Life Feedstock → NdPr Oxide, Dysprosium and Terbium Oxides
Less Common Metals Ellesmere Port Rare earth metal making	Ellesmere Port, Cheshire United Kingdom	Metals & alloys Operating	NdPr Oxide → NdPr Metal
Less Common Metals Ellesmere Port Strip cast NdFeB alloy production	Ellesmere Port, Cheshire United Kingdom	Metals & alloys Operating	NdPr Metal → NdFeB Alloy
Pensana Saltend Rare Earth Processing Hub Rare earth separation hub (project shelved October 2025)	Saltend, East Yorkshire United Kingdom	Separation Cancelled	Mixed Rare Earth Carbonate → NdPr Oxide

Sources

U.S. Geological Survey · published Jan 1, 2025 · retrieved Aug 11, 2026 · archive
MP Materials · published Jan 22, 2025 · retrieved Aug 11, 2026 · archive